ETL 1110-3-446
20 Aug 92
C-l. General. Thrust forces occur in waterlines when the
pipeline changes directions, changes sizes, or stops. Thrust
blocks or restrained joints are used to resist thrust forces. The
geotechnical parameters used herein should be developed by a
geotechnical engineer.
C-2. Thrust Forces.
The magnitude of the thrust force may be
calculated by:
= 2PA Sin i/2 at bends;
T
or by:
T
= PA at deadends, branches, or tees.
Where,
T
=
thrust force in pipe,
P
=
internal pressure of pipe,
A
=
internal cross-sectional area of pipe, and
i
=
angle of deflection of bend.
These are shown in Figures C-l, C-2 and C-3.
C-2
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