ETL 1110-3-503
15 Sept 99
(g) Foundry wastes
(h) Non-ferrous slags
(i) Paper mill sludge
(j) Petroleum contaminated soils
(k) Reclaimed asphalt pavement
(k) Reclaimed concrete pavement
(l) Roofing shingles
(m) Silica fume
(n) Sulfate waste
(4) Mineral
(a) Coal refuse
(b) Mill tailings
(c) Phosphogypsum
(d) Quarry waste
(e) Spent oil shale
(f) Washery rejects
(g) Waste rock
B-2. Types and Pavement Applications of Agricultural Wastes. Agricultural wastes
are produced at a rate of more than 2 billion tons annually in the United States (Collins
and Ciesielski 1994 and Shelburne and DeGroot 1998). These agricultural waste
materials can be divided into animal manure, crop wastes, and lumber and wood wastes.
Animal manure makes up approximately 75 percent of the total annual agricultural waste
produced in the U.S. The majority of this material, because of transportation costs, is
used as a fertilizer on the farms where it is produced. At least one state department of
transportation (DOT) has used it as fertilizer on highway rights of way.
a. Crop and animal wastes. The U.S. agricultural industry produces more than
400 million tons of crop wastes annually (Collins and Ciesielski 1994). Currently, the
majority of this material is being used as animal feed. There have been two reported uses
of crop waste material for pavement construction materials. The first was an
investigation of the potential use of rice husk ash as a supplemental cementing material
for the partial replacement of Portland cement in PCC mixtures. The replacement of up
B-3
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