GUIDELINES ON GROUND IMPROVEMENT FOR STRUCTURES AND FACILITIES
Background - ETL-1110-1-1850003
Chapter 1. Introduction - ETL-1110-1-1850007
Chapter 1. Introduction (cont)
Table 1. Potential Applications of Ground Improvement Methods in Structures
Table 1. Potential Applications of Ground Improvement Methods in Structures (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850010
Table 1. Potential Applications of Ground Improvement Methods in Structures (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850011
Chapter 2. Is Ground Improvement Necessary
Preliminary Evaluation
Difficult Soils Evaluation
Liquefaction Evaluation
Liquefaction Evaluation (cont)
Stability Evaluation
Stability Evaluation (cont)
Bearing Capacity and Settlement Evaluation
Seepage Evaluation
Table 2 - Flow Chart for Determination of the Need for Ground Improvement
Table 2 - Flow Chart for Determination of the Need for Ground Improvement (cont)
Figure 1. Evaluation of Site Conditions and Design/Performance Requirements to Assess Need for Ground Improvement
Figure 2. Preliminary Evaluation of Site Conditions and Design/Performance Requirements
Figure 2. Preliminary Evaluation of Site Conditions and Design/Performance Requirements (cont)
Figure 3. Difficult Soils Evaluation - Collapsing or Expansive Soils
Figure 4. Difficult Soils Evaluation - Sensitive or Dispersive Clay
Figure 5. Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential
Figure 5. Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential (cont)
Figure 6. Slope Stability Evaluation
Figure 7. Bearing Capacity and Settlement Evaluation
Figure 8. Seepage Evaluation
Figure 9. Liquefaction Evaluation - Gross Deformation Estimates
Figure 9. Liquefaction Evaluation - Gross Deformation Estimates (cont)
Figure 10. Slope Stability Evaluation - Gross Deformation Estimates
Figure 11. Refined Deformation Estimates for Liquefaction and Slope Stability Evaluations
Figure 11. Refined Deformation Estimates for Liquefaction and Slope Stability Evaluations (cont)
Figure 12. Assessment Methods for Soil Classification and Experience Parameters for Preliminary Evaluation of Site Conditions
Figure 13. Assessment Methods for Boundary Condition Parameters for Preliminary Evaluation of Site Conditions and Design/Performance Requirements
Figure 14. Assessment Methods for Loading Conditions and Settlement Parameters for Preliminary Evaluation of Site Conditions and Design/Performance Requirements
Figure 15. Assessment Methods for Earthquake Characteristics Parameters for Preliminary Eavaluation of Site Conditions
Figure 16. Assessment Methods for Flood Parameters for Preliminary Evaluation of Site Conditions and Design/Performance Requirements
Figure 17. Assessment Methods for Soil State Parameters for Difficult Soils, Slope Stability, and Seepage Evaluations
Figure 18. Assessment Methods for Earthquake Loading and Liquefaction Resistance Parameters for Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential
Figure 19. Assessment Methods for Strength Properties for Slope Stability and Bearing Capacity Evaluations
Figure 20. Parameter Assessment Methods for Slope Stability, Bearing Capacity and Settlement Evaluations
Figure 21. Parameter Assessment Methods for Seepage Evaluation
Figure 22. Parameter Assessment Methods for Liquefaction Evaluation - Gross Deformation Estimates
Figure 23. Assessment Methods for Soil Parameters for Slope Stability Evaluation - Gross Deformation Estimates
Figure 24. Assessment Methods for Earthquake Loading and Stress State Properties for Refined Deformation Estimates for Liquefaction and Slope Stability Evaluations
Figure 25. Assessment Methods for Strength Properties for Refined Deformation Estimates for Liquefaction and Stability Evaluations
Figure 26. Assessment Methods for Stiffness and Recompression Properties for Refined Deformation Estimates for Liquefaction and Slope Stability Evaluations
Chapter 3. If Ground Improvement is Necessary, What Methods are Available
Figure 27. Applicable Grain Size Ranges for Soil Improvement Methods
Soil Replacement
Admixture Stabilization
Figure 28. The dynamic compaction process (from Hayward Baker, 1996)
Vibrocompaction and Vibrorod
Figure 30. Range of particle size distributions suitable for densification by vibrocompaction
Stone Columns (Vibroreplacement)
Figure 32. Arrangement of gravel drains (after Seed and Booker, 1977)
Sand and Gravel Compaction Piles
Explosive Compaction - ETL-1110-1-1850063
Permeation Grouting
Compaction Grouting
Jet Grouting
Deep Soil Mixing
Figure 39. Mini-pile applications (modified from Lizzi, 1983)
Soil Nailing - ETL-1110-1-1850069
Prefabricated Vertical (PV) Drains, with or without surcharge fills
Electroosmosis
Buttress Fills
Biotechnical Stabilization and Soil Bioengineering
Table 3. Potentially Applicable Ground Improvement Methods for Civil Works Structures
Table 3. Potentially Applicable Ground Improvement Methods for Civil Works Structures (cont)
Table 4. Summary of Ground Improvement Methods for Remediation of Large, Open, Undeveloped Sites
Table 4. Summary of Ground Improvement Methods for Remediation of Large, Open, Undeveloped Sites (cont)
Table 4. Summary of Ground Improvement Methods for Remediation of Large, Open, Undeveloped Sites (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850078
Table 4. Summary of Ground Improvement Methods for Remediation of Large, Open, Undeveloped Sites (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850079
Table 5. Summary of Ground Improvement Methods for Remediation of Constrained and/or Developed Sites
Table 5. Summary of Ground Improvement Methods for Remediation of Constrained and/or Developed Sites (cont)
Table 6. Summary of Approximate Costs for Various Ground Improvement Methods
Table 6. Summary of Approximate Costs for Various Ground Improvement Methods (cont)
Table 6. Summary of Approximate Costs for Various Ground Improvement Methods (cont)
Chapter 4. How is Ground Improvement Designed
Site constraints
Design Procedures
Choose methods for further evaluation
Design Issues
Soil Nailing - ETL-1110-1-1850090
Design Recommendations
Areal extent of treatment
Seismic remediation
Figure 44. Effect of ground improvement on liquefaction potential for sites that were shaken in the 1989 Loma Prieta and 1995 Hyogo-ken Nambu (Kobe) earthquakes
Chapter 5. What are QA/QC Requirements for Improved Ground
Roller Compacted Concrete
Explosive Compaction - ETL-1110-1-1850097
Verification Testing
Liquefaction Resistance
Laboratory Testing
Laboratory Testing (cont)
Chapter 6. What Has Been the Performance of Improved Ground
Chapter 6. What Has Been the Performance of Improved Ground (cont)
Chapter 6. What Has Been the Performance of Improved Ground (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850104
Figure 45. Measured settlements at improved sites due to the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nambu (Kobe) earthquake (after Yasuda et al. 1996)
Chapter 6. What Has Been the Performance of Improved Ground (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850106
References - ETL-1110-1-1850107
References (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850108
References (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850109
References (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850110
References (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850111
References (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850112
References (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850113
References (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850114
References (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850115
ETL 1110-1-185
Background - ETL-1110-1-1850003
Chapter 1. Introduction - ETL-1110-1-1850007
Chapter 1. Introduction (cont)
Table 1. Potential Applications of Ground Improvement Methods in Structures
Table 1. Potential Applications of Ground Improvement Methods in Structures (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850010
Table 1. Potential Applications of Ground Improvement Methods in Structures (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850011
Chapter 2. Is Ground Improvement Necessary
Preliminary Evaluation
Difficult Soils Evaluation
Liquefaction Evaluation
Liquefaction Evaluation (cont)
Stability Evaluation
Stability Evaluation (cont)
Bearing Capacity and Settlement Evaluation
Seepage Evaluation
Table 2 - Flow Chart for Determination of the Need for Ground Improvement
Table 2 - Flow Chart for Determination of the Need for Ground Improvement (cont)
Figure 1. Evaluation of Site Conditions and Design/Performance Requirements to Assess Need for Ground Improvement
Figure 2. Preliminary Evaluation of Site Conditions and Design/Performance Requirements
Figure 2. Preliminary Evaluation of Site Conditions and Design/Performance Requirements (cont)
Figure 3. Difficult Soils Evaluation - Collapsing or Expansive Soils
Figure 4. Difficult Soils Evaluation - Sensitive or Dispersive Clay
Figure 5. Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential
Figure 5. Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential (cont)
Figure 6. Slope Stability Evaluation
Figure 7. Bearing Capacity and Settlement Evaluation
Figure 8. Seepage Evaluation
Figure 9. Liquefaction Evaluation - Gross Deformation Estimates
Figure 9. Liquefaction Evaluation - Gross Deformation Estimates (cont)
Figure 10. Slope Stability Evaluation - Gross Deformation Estimates
Figure 11. Refined Deformation Estimates for Liquefaction and Slope Stability Evaluations
Figure 11. Refined Deformation Estimates for Liquefaction and Slope Stability Evaluations (cont)
Figure 12. Assessment Methods for Soil Classification and Experience Parameters for Preliminary Evaluation of Site Conditions
Figure 13. Assessment Methods for Boundary Condition Parameters for Preliminary Evaluation of Site Conditions and Design/Performance Requirements
Figure 14. Assessment Methods for Loading Conditions and Settlement Parameters for Preliminary Evaluation of Site Conditions and Design/Performance Requirements
Figure 15. Assessment Methods for Earthquake Characteristics Parameters for Preliminary Eavaluation of Site Conditions
Figure 16. Assessment Methods for Flood Parameters for Preliminary Evaluation of Site Conditions and Design/Performance Requirements
Figure 17. Assessment Methods for Soil State Parameters for Difficult Soils, Slope Stability, and Seepage Evaluations
Figure 18. Assessment Methods for Earthquake Loading and Liquefaction Resistance Parameters for Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential
Figure 19. Assessment Methods for Strength Properties for Slope Stability and Bearing Capacity Evaluations
Figure 20. Parameter Assessment Methods for Slope Stability, Bearing Capacity and Settlement Evaluations
Figure 21. Parameter Assessment Methods for Seepage Evaluation
Figure 22. Parameter Assessment Methods for Liquefaction Evaluation - Gross Deformation Estimates
Figure 23. Assessment Methods for Soil Parameters for Slope Stability Evaluation - Gross Deformation Estimates
Figure 24. Assessment Methods for Earthquake Loading and Stress State Properties for Refined Deformation Estimates for Liquefaction and Slope Stability Evaluations
Figure 25. Assessment Methods for Strength Properties for Refined Deformation Estimates for Liquefaction and Stability Evaluations
Figure 26. Assessment Methods for Stiffness and Recompression Properties for Refined Deformation Estimates for Liquefaction and Slope Stability Evaluations
Chapter 3. If Ground Improvement is Necessary, What Methods are Available
Figure 27. Applicable Grain Size Ranges for Soil Improvement Methods
Soil Replacement
Admixture Stabilization
Figure 28. The dynamic compaction process (from Hayward Baker, 1996)
Vibrocompaction and Vibrorod
Figure 30. Range of particle size distributions suitable for densification by vibrocompaction
Stone Columns (Vibroreplacement)
Figure 32. Arrangement of gravel drains (after Seed and Booker, 1977)
Sand and Gravel Compaction Piles
Explosive Compaction - ETL-1110-1-1850063
Permeation Grouting
Compaction Grouting
Jet Grouting
Deep Soil Mixing
Figure 39. Mini-pile applications (modified from Lizzi, 1983)
Soil Nailing - ETL-1110-1-1850069
Prefabricated Vertical (PV) Drains, with or without surcharge fills
Electroosmosis
Buttress Fills
Biotechnical Stabilization and Soil Bioengineering
Table 3. Potentially Applicable Ground Improvement Methods for Civil Works Structures
Table 3. Potentially Applicable Ground Improvement Methods for Civil Works Structures (cont)
Table 4. Summary of Ground Improvement Methods for Remediation of Large, Open, Undeveloped Sites
Table 4. Summary of Ground Improvement Methods for Remediation of Large, Open, Undeveloped Sites (cont)
Table 4. Summary of Ground Improvement Methods for Remediation of Large, Open, Undeveloped Sites (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850078
Table 4. Summary of Ground Improvement Methods for Remediation of Large, Open, Undeveloped Sites (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850079
Table 5. Summary of Ground Improvement Methods for Remediation of Constrained and/or Developed Sites
Table 5. Summary of Ground Improvement Methods for Remediation of Constrained and/or Developed Sites (cont)
Table 6. Summary of Approximate Costs for Various Ground Improvement Methods
Table 6. Summary of Approximate Costs for Various Ground Improvement Methods (cont)
Table 6. Summary of Approximate Costs for Various Ground Improvement Methods (cont)
Chapter 4. How is Ground Improvement Designed
Site constraints
Design Procedures
Choose methods for further evaluation
Design Issues
Soil Nailing - ETL-1110-1-1850090
Design Recommendations
Areal extent of treatment
Seismic remediation
Figure 44. Effect of ground improvement on liquefaction potential for sites that were shaken in the 1989 Loma Prieta and 1995 Hyogo-ken Nambu (Kobe) earthquakes
Chapter 5. What are QA/QC Requirements for Improved Ground
Roller Compacted Concrete
Explosive Compaction - ETL-1110-1-1850097
Verification Testing
Liquefaction Resistance
Laboratory Testing
Laboratory Testing (cont)
Chapter 6. What Has Been the Performance of Improved Ground
Chapter 6. What Has Been the Performance of Improved Ground (cont)
Chapter 6. What Has Been the Performance of Improved Ground (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850104
Figure 45. Measured settlements at improved sites due to the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nambu (Kobe) earthquake (after Yasuda et al. 1996)
Chapter 6. What Has Been the Performance of Improved Ground (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850106
References - ETL-1110-1-1850107
References (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850108
References (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850109
References (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850110
References (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850111
References (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850112
References (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850113
References (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850114
References (cont) - ETL-1110-1-1850115
ETL 1110-1-185
