ETL 1110-3-456
16 Aug 94
APPENDIX A
PERMANENT CAMOUFLAGE, CONCEALMENT, AND DECEPTION
1. INTRODUCTION. The basic camouflage, concealment, and decep-
tion (CCD) techniques discussed are primarily related to reducing
the effectiveness of manned attack aircraft, although many of
these techniques also reduce the effectiveness of reconnaissance
and surveillance activities. The principal methodology of CCD is
to systematically determine what is conspicuous, why it is
conspicuous, and how best to reduce the conspicuousness. The
major constraints are that CCD measures must not unduly increase
facility expense and must not significantly interfere with
facility operations.
2. ATTACK AIRCRAFT THREAT AND CCD DEFENSE. A general descrip-
tion of the manned attack aircraft threat and the objective of
CCD defense is presented below.
a. Attack Process. A manned attack aircraft can get quite
close to the target using navigation alone. However, the crew
must still look for an orientation feature or initial point that
further identifies the target location in order to initiate the
final approach. During the final approach, the crew achieves
target recognition or identification, acquires the target with
the weapon aiming system, and then launches the weapon. The
initial approach is typically performed at low altitude to avoid
detection by the defender as shown in figure A-I. The attack
aircraft will then often pull up to a higher altitude for more
favorable target acquisition and weapon launch. Target
recognition and acquisition are typically achieved using aided
viewing in the visual, thermal infrared, or radar wavebands.
b. Bomb Delivery. In the case of unguided bombs, several
bombs are often released at predetermined intervals to increase
the chances that at least one bomb will land on the target. The
concept behind guided bombs is that, if placed exactly, one bomb
can do as much or more damage than several bombs delivered
without deference to where they land in the target area. In the
case of laser systems, the target is designated by illumination
with a laser beam prior to bomb release and the aircraft range
finder then automatically calculates the required trajectory and
releases the bomb. During subsequent intermittent or continuous
laser designation, the bomb is guided to the target more precise-
ly by a laser guidance package mounted on the bomb nose. Other
guidance systems include bomb mounted television cameras and
thermal seeking devices. When guided bombs are used, the
A-1
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